In the politics of candu exports, duane bratt provides a comprehensive history of the export of the canada deuteriumuranium candu reactor a pressurized heavy water naturaluranium power reactor designed and marketed by atomic energy of canada limited. Since the inception of nuclear power on an industrial scale in the mid20th century, fundamental reactor designs have progressed so as to maximize efficiency and safety on the basis of lessons learned from previous designs. Jul 12, 2017 what makes the candu nuclear reactor superior to other nuclear reactors. Written by sixteen of canadas pioneering nuclear scientists, the book. Nuclear power energy in pakistan the main part of the plant is designed on the model of chasma nuclear power plant and candu reactor. May 02, 2017 candu, which stands for canada deuterium uranium, is a pressurized heavy water reactor. The candu reactor utilizes a pressure tube concept with heavy water moderator and coolant, natural uranium fuel and onpower refueling. Candu power reactor designers and operators are fully aware of the need for caution in starting up power reactors. Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power. A short history of the candu nuclear power system 1 revision 2, december 2002 a short history of the candu nuclear power system by gord l. The development of the first candu reactor began in 1954 through a partnership between atomic energy of canada ltd. The gentilly2 candu 6 reactor is owned and operated by hydroquebec. The higher neutron fluxes of the fast breeder make it a special problem there, and it will be even worse for a fusion plant.
The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavywater reactor design used to generate electric power. Following the successful completion of the canadiansupplied cir research reactor at a site near bombay in india, the indian department of atomic energy dae was anxious to take the next step towards an indigenous indian nuclear power program, based on. Nov 06, 2014 candu energy says its new nuclear technology, which is able to use spent fuel from other reactors, has cleared a hurdle in china. The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavywater reactor.
Books about nuclear issues films about nuclear issues antiwar movement bikini atoll bulletin of the atomic scientists. A pressurized heavy water naturaluranium power reactor designed and marketed by atomic energy of canada limited, the candu reactor has played a significant part in canadas international trade. The calandria is closed and supported by end shields at each end. The essential candu a textbook on the candu nuclear power plant technology. The book emphasizes theory over other aspects of nuclear science. In 1968, the first fullscale nuclear generating station began. Brooks, former aecl vice president operations, design and development division, former aecl vice president and chief engineer 19831991 prepared for the ontario hydro demandsupply plan hearing, 1993 january summary. Documents library, describing the evolutionary history of candu reactor systems. Nuclear reactor history of reactor development britannica.
The essential candu is a textbook about nuclear science and engineering pertaining to candu reactors using candu as the reference design. Use of natural uranium widens the source of supply and makes fuel fabrication easier. Candu reactor is a type of nuclear reactor which was developed in canada, and is currently used in nuclear power plants for electrical generation in various countries around the world. Candu heavy water reactors use natural uranium, of which 0.
It enables those new to candu to learn about candu as an overall system and to pursue specialized topics in depth. For security reasons, information about nuclear reactors is hard to come by, and bratt should be commended for his considerable effort. At fukushima the reactors were shut down immediately when the quake was detected, and cooling started immediately as it sh. The company said thursday that a chinese expert panel has given a. From candu, it takes the heavy water moderator, which. But i havent heard of it being a particular problem with the candu. The acronym refers to its deuterium oxide heavy water moderator and its use of originally, natural uranium fuel. Reactor assembly the candu 6 reactor assembly, shown in the figure opposite, includes the fuel channels contained in and supported by a horizontal cylindrical tank known as the calandria. As such it prepares undergraduates for a career in the. However, the open literature describing these established methods is quite sparse, especially with regard to the unique advantages in operability and safety that arise from the computerdriven reactor regulating system rrs.
The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavy water reactor. A candu reactor employs several hundred horizontal fuel channels, only two being shown in figure 1. The mean flight path length of a neutron between collisions the mean free path gives an indication of the degree of inhomogeneity of any reactor assembly consisting of fuel elements. In this historical progression, four distinct reactor generations can be discerned. Aug 21, 2016 the candu reactor is a canadiandeveloped, pressurized heavy water reactor used for generating electric power.
What makes the candu nuclear reactor superior to other. A short history of the candu nuclear power system canteach. It will also present the major systems in a nuclear plant, as well as the important candu reactor safety principles and. It was the largest tritium release in candu history, causing the shutdown of a nearby water supply plant. Candu reactor article about candu reactor by the free.
Douglas point was originally planned to be a twounit station, but the second unit was cancelled because of the success of the larger 515 mwe units at pickering. It will also present the major systems in a nuclear plant, as well as the important candu reactor safety principles and systems. This candu textbook is suitable for students, educators, trainers and working professionals at a target level of senior undergraduate year university engineering and science. The design uses heavy water which contains primarily the element deuterium and the main fuel type is uranium. Its construction began in 1974, it went into service in 1983, and was safely shut down in 2012. These were invented and developed in canada in the 1960s, when canada decided that they did not want to build enrichment plants or large pressure vessel manufacturing capabilities. Figure 11 illustrates how candu reactors produce electricity.
Uniquely among candu stations, douglas point had an oilfilled window with a view of the east reactor face, even when the reactor was operating. Would things have turned out differently if fukushima daiichi. The basic parts of a nuclear reactor are the core, a moderator, control rods, a coolant, and shielding. Most countries can manufacture the relatively inexpensive fuel.
Heavy water used in candu reactors is readily available. The basic operation of the candu design is similar to other nuclear reactors. Sep 18, 2006 in the politics of candu exports, duane bratt provides a comprehensive history of the export of the canada deuteriumuranium candu reactor a pressurized heavy water naturaluranium power reactor designed and marketed by atomic energy of canada limited. The essential candu is brought to you by unene with administrative and sponsorship support from cog. Canada deuterium uranium candu reactors use heavy water as a coolant instead of regular old light water. In 1955, the first smallscale prototype candu type reactor was committed as a joint undertaking by. The politics of candu exports, book by duane bratt hardcover. History of candu nuclear reactor in india india nuclear. A 2010 book includes conceptual design and analysis methods such as core design, plant system, plant dynamics and control, plant startup and stability, safety, fast reactor design etc.
This distinguishes it from comparable textbooks based on pwr reactors. A heat exchanger, also known as a steam generator, transfers the heat to a secondary cooling loop, which powers a steam turbine with an electric generator attached to it for a typical rankine thermodynamic cycle. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the. Apr 01, 2011 for one thing, experts say, a slew of the safety systems installed in canadas own candu reactors 17 of which currently produce all this countrys nuclear energy are powered by. Canada has exported candu reactors to argentina, china, india, pakistan, romania, and south korea. Both a lwrtype scwr with a reactor pressure vessel and a candutype scwr with pressure tubes are being developed. Bratt examines every candu sale, as well as some important unsuccessful sales attempts. The history of such a tremendous achievement as the candu reactor is a. The course provides an introduction to the basic design, technology, and operation of nuclear reactors.
Im skeptical about the claim that heavy water is toxic. They are much better for making weapons grade plutonium since you dont need enriched uranium and you can easily replace fuel rods after a short neutron exposure. Canada enters the nuclear age mcgillqueens university press. Pwr reactor pressure vessels 10, pwr reactor vessel internals 11 and metal components of bwr containment systems 12. This is eventually a problem with all classes of nuclear reactor. While candu energy is trying to entice jordan and china to purchase candu reactors, within canada it is unsure whether the newest nuclear plant to be built in ontario will be a candu reactor. Candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr that uses heavy water deuterium oxide d2o as a moderator and coolant, and natural uranium as its fuel. Apr 01, 20 molten salt reactors the next generation of nuclear power duration. This reflector also has an important effect on reactor dynamics because of its very long diffusion length. The politics of candu exports ipac series in public. Try searching on jstor for other items related to this book. In 1940 under the threat of the german invasion of norway, a russianborn scientist by the. Intro to materials scienceguided inquiry uva 21,999 views.
Risks of the candu reactor design introduction the candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. I have also found a history of the atomic energy control board aecb by. Planning a new multipurpose research reactor for canada. Candu stands for canada deuterium uranium, which reflects the key role of deuterium, or heavy water, which acts as the reactors neutron moderator, a unique trait of the candu. This cns course will present an extensive overview of the important disciplines in candu reactor technology and safety. Candu stands for canada deuterium uranium, which reflects the key role of deuterium, or heavy water, which acts as the reactor s neutron moderator, a unique. Heat transfer from fuel to coolant a fuel channel in a candu reactor is normally supplied with up to 25 kgs of coolant and produces up to 7 mw of power. In the book radioactivity, published in 1904, rutherford. Candu reactor core design candu is the most efficient of all reactors in using uranium. Atomic energy of canada limited aecl developed the candu reactor technology starting in the 1950s. Each end shield comprises an inner and an outer tubesheet joined by lattice tubes at. This book provides the most comprehensive history of the export of candu reactors to date. Would things have turned out differently if fukushima daiichi had had the pwr, the candu, or a graphite reactor instead.
It combines features of the existing candu pressurised heavy water reactors phwr with features of lightwater cooled pressurized water reactors pwr. Fission reactions in the reactor core heat pressurized water in a primary cooling loop. Candu reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between atomic energy of canada limited aecl, the hydroelectric power. The acronym refers to its deuteriumoxide moderator and its use of uranium fuel. The heat transport system hts circulates the coolant through the reactor to remove the heat of fission from the fuel. The economic benefits of exporting the candu reactors are now. A technical history of atomic energy of canada limited as seen from its. It concludes with some technical details of the proposed advanced candu reactor for comparison with existing commercial candu reactors.
Candu, short for canada deuterium uranium, is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water as a moderator and coolant and natural uranium as a fuel source. Candu is the most efficient of all reactors in using uranium. A textbook on the candu nuclear power technology, suitable for senior. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor. For the first time in candu history, the emergency coolant injection system was used to avoid a meltdown. The export of candu reactors commenced relatively early in the history of the candu program. A short history of the candu nuclear power system 2 revision 2, december 2002 executive summary this paper provides a short historical summary of the evolution of the candu nuclear power system with emphasis on the roles played by ontario hydro and private sector companies in ontario in collaboration with atomic energy of canada limited aecl. Canadian nuclear association candu historical timeline. A list of existing candu and pressurised heavy water reactors phwrs is given in table i. Nuclear reactor nuclear reactor history of reactor development. It offers an extremely welldocumented history of the candu reactor generally. Known as karachi nuclear power plant kanupp, the commercial power plant is a small 7mw candu reactor, a canadian pressurized heavy water reactor. Early decisions in the development of the candu program by j.
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